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arXiv · 2605.28815

A cryogenic apparatus for coupling two-dimensional materials to a confocal multimode optical cavity

Han S. Hiller·Pranav Parakh·Samuel H. Aronson·Kenji Maeda·Di Lao·Julian Stewart·Zengde She·Jierong Wang·Xiaodong Xu·Tony Heinz·Benjamin L. Lev
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Abstract

Two-dimensional van der Waals materials exhibit a variety of correlated electron phases, and optical driving offers a promising route toward manipulating them. For example, cavity-enhanced, continuous-wave (CW) Raman excitation has been suggested as a way to coherently and superradiantly populate phonons or charge density waves via material excitons. A steady-state phonon population may be sustained with sufficiently strong electron-phonon coupling to drive novel collective response. We describe an apparatus built to meet the requirements of such an experimental program: Namely, an ultrahigh-vacuum system housing a length-tunable confocal Fabry-P\'{e}rot cavity with an intracavity sample, both cryogenically cooled and stabilized against vibrations. A four-axis nanopositioner aligns the sample and supports electrical leads for sample carrier density modulation and transport measurements. Transmission through the multimode cavity enables in situ sample imaging for alignment; the sample is a transition metal dichalcogenide in this work. Operating near the confocal geometry concentrates the optical field into a localized supermode that substantially enhances light-matter coupling. This enhancement is preserved despite the millimeter-scale cavity length, which provides room for sample alignment and exchange.

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Han S. Hiller, Pranav Parakh, Samuel H. Aronson, Kenji Maeda, Di Lao, Julian Stewart, Zengde She, Jierong Wang, Xiaodong Xu, Tony Heinz, Benjamin L. Lev. 2026-05-27. A cryogenic apparatus for coupling two-dimensional materials to a confocal multimode optical cavity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.28815

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