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arXiv · 2605.30684

A mathematical framework for dynamic emergent constraints in climate science

Francesco Ragone·Valerio Lucarini
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Abstract

Emergent constraints in climate science are empirical relations that link the response to a forcing of a physical observable to the properties of other observables, with the aim of reducing climate change projection uncertainties. Here we use recent results in linear response theory to develop a mathematical framework for dynamic emergent constraints, a class of emergent constraints linking the response of different observables to the same forcing. We show how traditional dynamic emergent constraints are a special case of more general relations, that we call integral dynamic emergent constraints. These relations allow to compute the response of a predictand as the convolution of the response of a predictor and the proxy Green's function of the predictand-predictor pair. The conditions for the existence of integral emergent constraints are related to the causality of the proxy Green's function and the time scales at which the system is observed. We apply this framework to global warming simulations with the MPI-ESM climate model, to study dynamic emergent constraints between different observables. These results allow to put the theory of dynamic emergent constraints on firm mathematical ground, and suggest a protocol to identify necessary conditions for the existence of such relations in climate data.

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Francesco Ragone, Valerio Lucarini. 2026-05-29. A mathematical framework for dynamic emergent constraints in climate science. https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.30684

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