Series-Parallel Integrated Nonlinear Elastic Actuator applied to the lean motion of a bicycle simulator

Christina Kohler; Michiel Plooij; Nuria Peña-Perez; Arend L. Schwab; Heike Vallery

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arXiv · 2606.00201

Series-Parallel Integrated Nonlinear Elastic Actuator applied to the lean motion of a bicycle simulator

Christina Kohler·Michiel Plooij·Nuria Peña-Perez·Arend L. Schwab·Heike Vallery

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Abstract

Designing robots for high-torque, high-fidelity haptic interaction is challenging. Parallel Elastic Actuators (PEAs) use elastic elements in parallel to smaller motors to complement torques, and Series Elastic Actuators (SEAs) use elastic elements in series to decouple motor impedance and improve force control. Recent work combines SEAs and PEAs to obtain both benefits but requires separate elastic elements or clutching. This paper presents the Series Parallel Integrated Nonlinear Elastic Actuator (SPINEA), which merges SEA and PEA such that a single elastic element takes on dual roles simultaneously, parallel and series. This is achieved by a nonlinear transmission in which the motor and load have misaligned rotation axes and are elastically connected. This geometry enables both high peak torque and precise torque tracking. We apply SPINEA to actuate lean of a haptic bicycle simulator, which requires high moments and precise rendering for safe and realistic rider interactions. We realized a prototype and performed experiments, both with an external excitation setup and with riders cycling. Our results confirm SPINEA's low impedance and precise torque tracking, up to 4.25 Hz with the bicycle frame fixed and up to 4 Hz with riders. The benefits may transfer to other applications requiring compact, high-performance actuation.

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Christina Kohler, Michiel Plooij, Nuria Peña-Perez, Arend L. Schwab, Heike Vallery. 2026-05-29. Series-Parallel Integrated Nonlinear Elastic Actuator applied to the lean motion of a bicycle simulator. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.00201

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