Topics as Proxies for Sociodemographics: How Conversational Context Affects LLM Answers

Vera Neplenbroek; Gabriele Sarti; Arianna Bisazza; Raquel Fernández

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arXiv · 2606.02776

Topics as Proxies for Sociodemographics: How Conversational Context Affects LLM Answers

Vera Neplenbroek·Gabriele Sarti·Arianna Bisazza·Raquel Fernández

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Abstract

When large language models (LLMs) are used in high-stakes scenarios, such as legal, medical and financial advice, even a single conversation history is enough to drive differences in outcomes between users. Prior work has demonstrated that this results in outcome disparities between sociodemographic groups, with some groups receiving more advantageous outcomes than others. In this work, we demonstrate that LLMs actually struggle to infer user sociodemographics from a single conversation history and that although there are disparities between sociodemographic groups, they are minimal in magnitude. To investigate what is the main driver of disparities between users, we compare user sociodemographics to a range of (psycho)linguistic features of conversations, including conversation topic, emotions, and readability. We find that conversation topics are most predictive of LLM-generated advice within a conversational context, which, to some extent, function as proxies for sociodemographic groups and often affect advice in unpredictable ways. This is cause for concern and highlights the need for future research to better understand the effect of conversational context on LLM outputs in high-stakes scenarios.

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Vera Neplenbroek, Gabriele Sarti, Arianna Bisazza, Raquel Fernández. 2026-08-13. Topics as Proxies for Sociodemographics: How Conversational Context Affects LLM Answers. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.02776

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