Tight Bound for Nikiforov's Spectral Even-Cycle Conjecture

Abstract

Nikiforov conjectured that, for every fixed $k\ge2$ and all sufficiently large $n$, the unique $n$-vertex $C_{2k+2}$-free graph with maximum adjacency spectral radius is $S^+_{n,k}$, where $S_{n,k}=K_k\vee\overline K_{n-k}$ and $S^+_{n,k}$ is obtained from $S_{n,k}$ by adding one edge inside the independent part. Cioabă, Desai and Tait proved this conjecture for $n\ge k^{O(k)}$. Later, Li and Ning raised the problem of determining the optimal exponent $γ=γ(k)$ such that the same conclusion holds for $n\ge Ω(k^{γ(k)})$. We prove a stronger uniform theorem for Nikiforov's matrices $A_α(G)=αD(G)+(1-α)A(G)$. More precisely, for every $ε>0$ there are constants $C_ε$ and $k_ε$ such that for all $0\leα\le1-ε$, $k\ge k_ε$ and $n\ge C_εk$, every $n$-vertex $C_{2k+2}$-free graph $G$ satisfies $ρ_α(G)\leρ_α(S^+_{n,k})$, with equality if and only if $G\cong S^+_{n,k}$. In particular, the case $α=0$ answers the problem of Li and Ning, and the $A_α$-spectral even-cycle threshold is linear in $k$, uniformly for all $α$ bounded away from $1$. Our proof introduces a weighted rooted Erdős--Gallai type path lemma, which may be of independent interest in Perron-vector methods for spectral extremal graph problems. The same method also yields asymptotically tight $A_α$-spectral bounds for two local forbidden-subgraph families, namely $(K_1\vee P_\ell)$-free graphs and $F_s$-free graphs, where $F_s$ denotes the friendship graph.