A Numerical Study of Phase-Dependent Kink-Kink Collisions in the Complex Sine-Gordon Model

Abstract

We investigate the collision dynamics of complex kink solutions in the complex sine-Gordon (CSG) model, focusing on the influence of the relative phase and initial velocity. The model's internal \( U(1) \) symmetry gives rise to a variety of solitary wave solutions, including complex kinks, radiative profiles, and Q-ball configurations. Through numerical simulations, we reveal rich and nontrivial phase-dependent behaviors such as the emergence of red and blue critical speeds, radiative emissions, bion and breather formations, and phase-sensitive oscillation modes. Moreover, we identify extreme values in energy and field quantities at the collision point, uncovering discontinuities that signify transition thresholds in the dynamical system. These findings underscore the complex interplay between internal degrees of freedom and dynamical variables in non-integrable soliton systems, offering new insights into field theories with internal symmetries.