On the Nonlinear Dependence of Underground Muon Rate on Atmospheric Temperature Observed at Daya Bay

Lei Liao; Taichong Ge; Zhe Wang

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arXiv · 2606.09116

On the Nonlinear Dependence of Underground Muon Rate on Atmospheric Temperature Observed at Daya Bay

Lei Liao·Taichong Ge·Zhe Wang

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Abstract

The underground cosmic-ray muon rate is known to be modulated by atmospheric temperature. It can be explained by the theories of Barrett, Gaisser, and others. However, at the Daya Bay Neutrino Experiment, the dependence on temperature is observed to be nonlinear. We found that, when deriving the temperature dependence of muon rate, existing theories only consider the impact of local temperature on muon production at the layer where muons are produced. In this work, we provide an more general solution to the cascade equations, which is complex enough to fully depict how entire temperautre profile would influence the final muon rate. Corresponding definitions of the effective temperature weight and temperature coefficient are also presented. We examine the results with numerical tool MCEq and real atmospheric temperature input. A linear modulation is recovered and verified. This work can help to explain the nonlinear effect found at Daya Bay, and provide a more refined calculation framework for temperature coefficient calculation for other experiments.

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Lei Liao, Taichong Ge, Zhe Wang. 2026-06-08. On the Nonlinear Dependence of Underground Muon Rate on Atmospheric Temperature Observed at Daya Bay. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.09116

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