A Jet from a Nearly Dormant Black Hole

Abstract

Most galaxies host supermassive black holes (SMBHs) that remain weakly accreting or dormant for much of their lifetimes. At the lowest accretion rates, these systems may represent the transition between active nuclei and dormant black holes, but whether they can still launch collimated jets remains unclear. The nuclei in our Galaxy (\sgra) and M31 are key examples of this regime, although no clear jet structure has yet been detected in either source. Here we report multi-frequency very long baseline interferometric observations of \Msixty\ (NGC~4649), a nearby elliptical galaxy hosting a nearly dormant SMBH with an Eddington ratio of $\sim10^{-8}$. We detect a compact two-sided jet with an unusually steep synchrotron spectrum, demonstrating that collimated outflows can persist even under nearly dormant accretion conditions. The apparent radio core exhibits an unprecedentedly steep frequency-dependent position shift toward the SMBH, locating the central engine only $\sim57\,μ$as, corresponding to a projected distance of $\sim10$ Schwarzschild radii, upstream of the 8.37-GHz core. The observed jet morphology and steep core-shift behaviour are reproduced by general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic and radiative-transfer simulations, indicating a magnetically dominated, non-equipartition jet-launching region that departs from the standard conical equipartition picture. These results provide direct observational evidence that jet production can survive near the dormant SMBHs and establish \Msixty\ as a unique laboratory for probing jet formation on event-horizon scales in the lowest-accretion SMBH regime.