An early look at how gas giants shape small planet bulk compositions

Abstract

Gas giants may shape the reservoir of solids and gas in the inner disk in which the small planets assemble. To test this possibility, we collect a sample of 43 exoplanetary systems containing 68 inner small planets (ISP) with both measured masses (1-20 M$_{\oplus}$) and radii (1-4 R$_{\oplus}$). After correcting for heterogeneous individual system sensitivities to distant gas giants, we calculate the gas giant occurrence rate in ISP systems P(GG$|$ISP) as a function of inner small planet density, envelope mass fraction (EMF), and core mass. While we find no significant difference between P(GG$|$ISP) given high/low small planet density, EMF, or core mass, we see hints of a trend when only looking at the metal-rich systems. Despite the substantial limitations due to small sample sizes, we find that gas giants in metal-rich systems are preferentially found with lower density planets with similar core masses. We find consistent hints of trends using larger samples of inner planets with measured radii divided across the radius valley or with measured masses divided across 10 $M_\oplus$. Our result is consistent with more metal-enriched disks catalyzing rapid core assembly and kickstarting the gas accretion early, while the muted difference in the outer giant occurrence rate with respect to core mass may indicate contamination by post-formation photoevaporation.