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arXiv · 2606.13208

A Polynomial-Decay and Pinhole-Imaging Whale Optimization Algorithm for UAV Relay Communication Deployment

Zhenhong Peng·Junhao Wei·Baili Lu·Yanxiao Li·Yifu Zhao·Haochen Li·Dexing Yao·Xu Yang·Yapeng Wang
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Abstract

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relays deliver flexible, on-demand wireless coverage, but jointly tuning the position, altitude, transmit power and bandwidth of the relay is a non-convex, heavily constrained optimization task that easily traps swarm-based optimizers in poor local optima. We propose PWOA, a Polynomial-decay and Pinhole-imaging Whale Optimization Algorithm with three complementary improvements: (i) a Good Nodes Set (GNS) initialization that spreads the initial population uniformly across the search space; (ii) a polynomial nonlinear schedule for the convergence factor that prolongs early exploration and sharpens late exploitation; and (iii) a stagnation-triggered pinhole-imaging opposition-based learning (POBL) operator paired with an elite Gaussian local search, which together escape local optima while refining the leader. On a five-dimensional UAV relay deployment problem with five inequality constraints ($N{=}30$, $T{=}500$, 30 independent runs), PWOA simultaneously attains the lowest Best, Worst, Mean and standard deviation among PWOA, WOA, SCA and IPSO, cutting the mean by $1.4$--$18.5\%$ and the standard deviation by $15$--$87\%$ over the three baselines, and exhibits the fastest average convergence.

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Zhenhong Peng, Junhao Wei, Baili Lu, Yanxiao Li, Yifu Zhao, Haochen Li, Dexing Yao, Xu Yang, Yapeng Wang. 2026-06-11. A Polynomial-Decay and Pinhole-Imaging Whale Optimization Algorithm for UAV Relay Communication Deployment. https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.13208

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