Perfect matchings, Fano planes, and orthogonal bases of type $E_8$

Abstract

We use perfect matchings and labelled Fano planes to construct and study the $2025$ orthogonal bases of positive roots in the $E_8$ root system. The set of these bases forms a highly structured, Bruhat-like graded poset $(Ω, \leq_Q)$ whose rank function can be computed from the cardinalities of so-called generalized Rothe diagrams. We give combinatorial characterizations of these diagrams in terms of matchings and Fano planes, and we explain how to compute the ranks of the elements of $Ω$ using suitable combinatorial statistics such as the weights of perfect matchings. We establish simple formulas for the rank generating functions of $Ω$ and of its 50 congruence classes under a natural order congruence relation. Our derivation of the generating functions contains some intermediate results on general perfect matchings and labelled Fano planes that can be stated without mentioning root systems and may be of independent interest.