Characters of modules over negative rank-2 Borcherds-Kac-Moody Lie algebras

Abstract

Let $\mathfrak{g}=\mathfrak{g}(A)$ be the Borcherds-Kac-Moody Lie algebra (BKM LA) for a BKM Cartan matrix $A$ that is filled by negative integers. Fix a Cartan subalgebra $\mathfrak{h}$ of $\mathrm{g}$ and the classical cone of dominant integral weights $P^+\subset \mathfrak{h}^*$. The non-integrable simple highest weight $\mathfrak{g}$-modules $L(μ)$'s widely studied were those by Naito ([Trans. Amer. Soc., 1995]), for $μ$'s dot-linked to $P^+$-translates of sums $- \sum_{j\in J}α_j$ of mutually orthogonal and imaginary simple roots $α_j$'s. Recently, we computed weights of all highest weight $\mathfrak{g}$-modules $V$'s (over all BKM LA's), and character of $L(ρ)$ for Weyl vector $ρ$. These needed a family of ``integrable'' $L(μ)$'s for $μ$'s inside our novel signed-dominant-integral cone $P^{\pm}$ (which generalizes $P^+$). Pairings $μ(α_i^{\vee})\leq 0$ for $μ\in P^{\pm}$ are multiples of $\frac{A_{ii}}{2}$ for all $i$. Nevertheless, $L(μ)$ contains ``Chevalley-Serre relations'' $f_i^{\frac{2}{A_{ii}}{μ(α_i^{\vee})}+1}L(μ)_μ=0$, which seem to be previously unstudied and even in Naito's works. This paper initiates in rank-2, the study of module structures and maximal vectors (or Verma embeddings) in Verma covers $M(μ)$'s of $L(μ)$'s for $μ\in P^{\pm}$. Our goal in this is to explore in weight spaces of those Vermas, the strictness, or else a uniform equality, of lower bounds by Kac and Kazhdan ([Adv. Math., 1979]) for count of linearly independent maximal vectors. We obtain presentations and characters of all $V$'s when Kac-Kazhdan equation has unique solution in the interior of root-cone. This builds on results of Kac and Kazhdan in crucial unique solution case.