Higher Lovelock Curvature Terms Favor Local Nakedness in Dust Collapse

Abstract

We show that higher-curvature Lovelock terms do not restore local cosmic censorship in spherical dust collapse, but instead promote the local visibility of central shell-focusing singularities. On the collapse branch with positive highest-order Lovelock coefficient \(c_N\), the highest nonvanishing Lovelock order \(N\) controls both the near-singularity collapse and the formation of trapped surfaces. In noncritical dimensions, \(D-1-2N>0\), the apparent-horizon curve approaches the singularity curve with trapping exponent \(β_N=(D-1)/(D-1-2N)\). Comparing this scale with the first nonvanishing correction \(r^\ell\) to the singularity curve gives the local-visibility condition \(\ell<β_N\), provided the singularity curve opens outward. Thus increasing \(N\) enlarges the class of inhomogeneous initial data producing outgoing radial null rays from the central singularity. In the critical odd-dimensional branch, \(D=2N+1\), no apparent horizon forms sufficiently close to the center, so any outward opening of the singularity curve gives local visibility. The locally visible singularities are Królak-strong along the emerging null rays, with Tipler strength reached at threshold. For bound and unbound collapse, the noncritical exponents are unchanged: the energy function modifies the opening of the singularity curve, while in the critical branch it enters the leading terminal collapse velocity.