EMU discovery of Thunder: a bow-shock PWN powered by PSR J1631-4722 escaping Nimbus SNR (G336.7+0.5)

Abstract

We report the discovery of a bow-shock pulsar wind nebula (PWN), dubbed Thunder, powered by the radio pulsar PSR J1631-4722 and projected within the Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G336.7+0.5 (Nimbus). The system was first identified in observations from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) survey and further characterised using MeerKAT Galactic Plane Survey data together with follow-up observations at 5.5 and 9 GHz obtained with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). Assuming a distance of 7 kpc, the radio images resolve an elongated ~80 arcsec (2.7 pc) cometary nebula, indicative of a high velocity pulsar. An X-ray counterpart extending ~50 arcsec (1.7 pc) is detected in archival XMM-Newton data. The flat radio spectrum ($α$ = -0.27 $\pm$ 0.05) and hard X-ray photon index ($Γ$ = 1.6 $\pm$ 0.4) indicate synchrotron emission from relativistic particles injected in the pulsar wind. Polarisation analysis reveals a highly ordered magnetic field aligned with the nebular flow, with fractional polarisation reaching up to 30% in the tail. An equipartition estimate gives a PWN magnetic-field strength of Beq $\approx$ 54-140 $μ$G. Pulsar timing over a ~2.2 yr baseline reveals strong timing noise and a small spin glitch with amplitude $Δν/ν$ = 1.10$\times$10$^{-8}$. The SNR shows no clear diffuse X-ray counterpart. The morphology and multiwavelength properties of the Nimbus-Thunder system, along with evolutionary models, constrain the system's age to approximately 30-45 kyr, placing the remnant in the late Sedov phase, approaching the transition to the radiative stage.