SelPE: Progressive Selection for Private Structured Text Synthesis

Abstract

Many data-driven applications rely on structured textual records, such as clinical triage notes and financial transaction logs, for downstream learning and decision-making. In privacy-sensitive domains, access to such records is strictly regulated, often resulting in only a small number of available private examples for model development and analysis. Yet existing differential privacy data synthesis methods fall short: tabular techniques cannot faithfully model free-form text, while text-based approaches often break structural constraints. We propose SelPE, a selection-guided progressive evolution framework for small-sample private structured text synthesis. Rather than relying on noisy aggregation or private model training, SelPE concentrates privacy budget on a sequence of multi-batch top-1 selections, enabling efficient guidance under tight privacy constraints. To support faithful and valid synthesis, SelPE decouples semantic abstraction from schema realization via a two-stage generation pipeline, and evaluates candidates using a multi-channel distance kernel that jointly models textual, categorical, and numeric fields in their native representations. A non-private contrastive expansion mechanism further promotes diversity without incurring additional privacy cost. Extensive Experiments demonstrate that SelPE consistently improves structural validity, fidelity, and downstream utility under strict differential privacy budgets, particularly in low-data regimes.