Mapping photon-number regimes in single-emitter lasers

Abstract

Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED) architectures are known to produce traditional laser signatures from a coherently driven single quantum emitter. In this paper, we present a numerical analysis of an open quantum system consisting of an incoherently pumped three-level emitter strongly coupled to a single cavity mode. In particular, we focus on three cavity photon-number ($n_p$) regimes modeled within a truncated Hilbert space of dimension up to $N=51$: deep quantum ($n_p \leq 1$), intermediate quantum ($2 \leq n_p \leq 50$), and semi-classical ($n_p \gg 50$). We investigate the photon threshold for entering the lasing regime while completely bypassing the requirement for a coherent drive, revealing that laser behavior can emerge from minimal photon populations. For example, by solving the Lindblad master equation, we find that lasing stabilizes in the intermediate quantum regime where stimulated emission dominates spontaneous emission. We further observe sub-Poissonian photon statistics in this regime, as confirmed by a donut-like Wigner distribution, near-unity second-order coherence function $g^{(2)}(0) \approx 1$, and a minimized Mandel $Q$-parameter. However, within the range $10 < n_p < 50$, we observe a loss of coherence at higher incoherent pumping rates, leading to self-quenching. In the semi-classical regime ($n_p \gg 50$), treated under a mean-field approximation for our choice of system parameters, we find that the laser quenches at an incoherent pumping rate of $Γ\approx 65$ (in units of the atomic decay rate $γ_{12}$). Our findings can be applied to define the operational limits of single-emitter light sources, thereby providing useful guidelines for the development of nanolasers and scalable quantum networks.