Comparing and learning figures of merit for quantum circuit compilation

Abstract

To make quantum algorithms executable on a particular quantum device, they need to be compiled into circuits that respect constraints of the quantum hardware. This compilation usually involves multiple steps, where many hardware-compatible circuits are generated, and the best circuit is selected. To say which circuit is best, the quality of a circuit is generally quantified by a $\textit{figure of merit}$ (FoM). For FoMs, there is a trade-off between ease of calculation and accuracy in predicted execution quality. Commonly used FoMs, e.g., the number of gates, circuit depth, etc., are easy to evaluate, but do not directly capture the effects of circuit structure and noise. On the other end of the spectrum are FoMs that require full circuit execution and take a prohibitively long time to evaluate. One example is the probability of successful trials (PST), i.e., the probability of obtaining the initial state after running the quantum circuit followed by its inverse. Here, we investigate advantages and disadvantages of different FoMs, and formulate the properties of an ideal FoM. Based on our results, we propose wPST, a weighted version of the PST that accounts for individual qubits, not just the whole state. To quickly predict PST and wPST, we design machine learning models that take into account both the quantum circuit and quantum hardware data. In numerical simulations and experiments on quantum processors, we find that our machine learning-predicted FoMs outperform commonly used FoMs, increasing the correlation with the true PST or wPST by over 50%. To make our model useful for quantum compilers, we devise a two-step process to predict the wPST for non-transpiled quantum circuits: first, we predict the additional quantum gates required for the given quantum circuit, and then we predict the wPST, accounting for coherence times in the quantum device.