Covering Points with Rectangular Boundaries

Abstract

Geometric covering problems ask for a small family of geometric objects whose union covers a given point set. We study the more restrictive \emph{boundary covering} variant, where every point must lie on the boundary of a chosen object. Motivated by the framework of Langerman and Morin\,[Discret.\ Comput.\ Geom., 2005] for hyperspheres, we initiate the study of boundary covering by axis-parallel rectangles. We first consider the \emph{discrete} setting, where rectangles must be selected from a given family. We define \bcdaprfull\ (\bcdaprshort): given a point set \(P\subseteq\mathbb{R}^2\), a family \(\mathcal{R}\) of axis-parallel rectangles, and an integer \(k\), decide whether \(P\) can be covered by the boundaries of at most \(k\) rectangles from \(\mathcal{R}\). We prove that \bcdaprshort\ is \(\mathrm{W}[1]\)-hard parameterized by \(k\). We then study the \emph{continuous} variant, \prbcfull\ (\prbcshort), where rectangles may be placed freely. Given \(P\subseteq\mathbb{R}^2\) and \(k\), the goal is to decide whether \(P\) can be covered by the boundaries of at most \(k\) axis-parallel rectangles. In contrast to the discrete case, we show that \prbcshort\ is fixed-parameter tractable, with running time \(2^{\cO(k\log k)}\cdot n^{\cO(1)}\), where \(n=|P|\). Our algorithm relies on a structural analysis of how \(k\) rectangles interact with the point set, reducing \prbcshort\ to at most \(2^{\cO(k\log k)}\) instances of \ddmtcsp, each solvable in polynomial time. On the hardness side, we prove NP-completeness for boundary covering by axis-aligned \(L\)-shapes and use this reduction to establish NP-completeness of \prbcshort.