Data-Efficient Deep Learning: Empirical Guidelines for Training Set Size Estimation in Inertial Sensor Classification

Ofir Kruzel; Itzik Klien

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arXiv · 2607.09402

Data-Efficient Deep Learning: Empirical Guidelines for Training Set Size Estimation in Inertial Sensor Classification

Ofir Kruzel·Itzik Klien

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Abstract

Deep learning models dependency on large-scale inertial datasets presents a significant bottleneck in inertial sensor-based classification tasks, such as human activity recognition and smartphone location recognition. In these domains, data collection requires massive recording campaigns that are complex, time-consuming, and difficult to scale. Currently, data-driven guidelines for determining the minimum sample size required to reach a desired accuracy level do not exist. To address this gap, this study presents a systematic empirical evaluation of learning curve convergence rates in inertial classification. We introduce a unified framework that analyzes classification performance under both binary and multi-class scenarios, and derive an empirical formula to estimate performance relative to dataset size. Testing across six diverse, real-world datasets totaling 102.7 hours of inertial measurements demonstrates that accuracy follows a consistent logarithmic growth pattern, regardless of task complexity. Leveraging this finding, we propose a quantitative stability point metric, defined as the sample size required for the learning curve to stabilize within a predefined mean absolute percentage deviation of its asymptotic maximum. Our analysis reveals that models often reach practical stability with substantially fewer samples than traditional heuristics suggest. Ultimately, we offer a generalizable framework to extrapolate total data requirements from small-scale pilot studies, optimizing the tradeoff between recording effort and model reliability. These findings shift the prevailing paradigm from maximizing data volume toward optimizing data efficiency, offering concrete, data-backed guidelines for planning recording campaigns in inertial sensing applications.

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BibTeX RIS

Ofir Kruzel, Itzik Klien. 2026-07-10. Data-Efficient Deep Learning: Empirical Guidelines for Training Set Size Estimation in Inertial Sensor Classification. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.09402

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