On the density and surjectivity of $\mathbf{SO(3)}$-Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev quantum representations

Abstract

In this paper, we establish several new fundamental properties of $\mathrm{SO}(3)$-quantum representations $ρ_{p,g,\underlineλ}\colon\mathrm{PMod} (Σ_{g,n})\longrightarrow \mathrm{PSU}_{d_{p,g,\underlineλ}}$ of mapping class groups of surfaces, at prime-order roots of unity. We show that for any surface $Σ_{g,n}$ of genus $g\geq 3$, any number $n\geq 0$ of punctures, and any coloration $\underlineλ$ of the punctures, $ρ_{p,g,\underlineλ}$ has dense image in the projective unitary group $\mathrm{PSU}_{d_{p,g,\underlineλ}}$, extending a landmark result of Larsen and Wang. Moreover, we show that the representations $ρ_{p,g,\underlineλ}$ are surjective modulo any unramified maximal ideal of $\mathbb{Z}[ζ_p]$, establishing an effective version of strong approximation for these representations. We also give several applications of our main results to residual finite simpleness of $\mathrm{PMod}(Σ_{g,n})$ (answering a question of Masbaum and Reid); to subnormal cores of some subgroups of $\mathrm{PMod}(Σ_{g,n})$; to realizability of congruence classes of quantum invariants; to embedding obstructions between $3$-manifolds; and to homological stability for mapping class groups with coefficients in $\mathrm{SO}(3)$-quantum representations.