Ultrashort pulsed laser atmospheric filament properties and microwave radiation inferred from S-band guided wave interaction and self-emission

Abstract

The electrical conductivity $σ$ of the plasma filament left behind by an ultrashort pulsed laser (USPL) optical pulse after it is geometrically then self-focused in air via the Kerr effect is measured by attenuation of a 3.2 GHz TE$_{10}$ mode within an S-band waveguide through which the filament passes, taking into account the characteristic radius $R$ of the filament, as determined by fast camera visible light imaging. Models of the major air constituents' ionization rate $W_{i}$ vs. local laser intensity $I$, and of temperature $T$ and mean axial electron momentum $\left\langle p_{z}\right\rangle $ vs. peak laser intensity $I_{0}$ are then used to infer a hypothetical steady state filament's $I_{0}$, $T$, major species particle densities, and assumed axially invariant current time integral $Q$ and current decay rate $ν$ after pulse passage. $Q$ is independently measured via the filament's self-emission signal in the waveguide for comparison. The theoretical far field microwave radiation pattern due to the actual axial variation in $Q=Q\left( z\right)$ is compared favorably to published measurements. A much lower upper bound on $ν$ is inferred once such radiation is taken into account. Results are presented along a $30$ cm long filament at a broad range of atmospheric pressures.