Forked Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Non-Markovian Open Quantum Dynamics and Control

Abstract

Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) provide a pathway to reunify the simulation and control of quantum systems, in which these two tasks are typically decoupled in traditional strategies. However, most work remains confined to Markovian environments. When applied to non-Markovian systems, standard PINN architectures fail to converge reliably due to multi-objective optimization conflicts arising from the coupled differential equations. To address this fundamental limitation, we extend our previously proposed forked PINN (FPINN) by incorporating a dedicated control branch. By decoupling the optimization objectives at the gradient level via selective gradient flow, our method turns a previously intractable multi-task optimization into a well-conditioned one, allowing simulation and control to be optimized jointly without compromise. Numerical simulations on a two-qubit Heisenberg XXX model confirm that our framework faithfully reproduces the features of non-Markovian dynamics, including decoherence and information backflow. Taking a state-preparation task on the same model as an example, our FPINN achieves higher fidelity than gradient ascent pulse engineering, chopped random basis, and standard PINNs, with the advantage becoming more pronounced as the environment becomes more dissipative and more Markovian. The generated pulses are also noticeably smoother, which is advantageous for experimental implementation. Our framework thus provides a unified, end-to-end differentiable paradigm for simulation and control of open quantum systems, with potential implications for quantum computing, simulation, and control.