Lattice Boltzmann Methods for Navier-Stokes Equations in General Orthogonal Coordinates for Efficient Flow Simulations using Nonuniform Clustered Grids

Eman Yahia; Kannan Premnath

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arXiv · 2607.15362

Lattice Boltzmann Methods for Navier-Stokes Equations in General Orthogonal Coordinates for Efficient Flow Simulations using Nonuniform Clustered Grids

Eman Yahia·Kannan Premnath

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Abstract

Resolving multiscale fluid flows or boundary layers effectively requires the use of nonuniform meshes with local grid clustering. The standard lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), a kinetic theory-based approach for computational fluid dynamics, however, is restricted to the use of uniform Cartesian grids. We present new and improved formulations of the LBM that accommodate continuously varying spatial grids via coordinate transformations to simulate the Navier-Stokes equations (NSE) in the general orthogonal coordinates (GOC). They are constructed using a Chapman-Enskog analysis to specify the equilibrium moments of the distribution functions and the geometric force terms used in the collision step to be dependent on the local metric factors and their spatial derivatives, along with the density, momentum and their fluxes, and some correction terms related to the normal velocity gradients so as to accurately represent the NSE in the GOC. The resulting GOC-LBM importantly maintains the simplicity of the collide-and-stream approach and is Galilean invariant that is free of the cubic velocity artifacts. Our GOC-LBM is general and modular in that it can be used with any collision model with appropriate modifications to the equilibria and forcing terms. We present its implementation details for a variety of collision models while the central moments-based model using multiple relaxation times was found to be the most robust in practical implementations. We validate the GOC-LBM through numerical simulations for various benchmark flow problems. Moreover, we demonstrate significant computational advantages of our approach for a case study on simulating boundary layer flows efficiently that involves coupling the GOC-LBM for the NSE with a new GOC-LB scheme for solving the magnetic induction equation for magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), and for another case study involving orthogonal curvilinear grids.

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BibTeX RIS

Eman Yahia, Kannan Premnath. 2026-07-16. Lattice Boltzmann Methods for Navier-Stokes Equations in General Orthogonal Coordinates for Efficient Flow Simulations using Nonuniform Clustered Grids. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.15362

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