Neural Non-Equilibrium Hamiltonian Monte Carlo for Corrected Boltzmann Sampling

Abstract

Sampling from an unnormalized Boltzmann density requires proposals that move probability mass globally while retaining enough path-probability information for statistical correction. We introduce Neural Non-Equilibrium Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (NHMC), a train-then-correct learned Hamiltonian sampler. Starting from a tractable base distribution, NHMC learns stochastic Hamiltonian-style paths toward the target. Once training is complete, the learned proposal parameters are fixed; the proposal then generates complete paths and endpoint configurations, which are statistically corrected using the recorded non-equilibrium work. This dimensionless generalized work is determined by the probability ratio between the forward proposal path and a reverse reference path. During training, minimizing its mean reduces a path-space KL divergence and controls an upper bound on endpoint mismatch. During evaluation, the same quantity defines weights for self-normalized importance sampling on paths (path-SNIS), estimates normalizing constants or free-energy differences, and gives the acceptance ratio for path-space independent Metropolis--Hastings (path-IMH). We further derive a shared-bridge round-trip NHMC--MH kernel and prove that its configuration-space transition preserves the Boltzmann target. On double-well, finite-volume lattice $ϕ^4$, compact non-Abelian gauge, and Lennard--Jones cluster targets, the NHMC construction gives corrected estimates when path overlap is sufficient; when overlap is poor, weight degeneracy, low acceptance, and long autocorrelation expose proposal failure. We additionally report a molecular internal-coordinate feasibility study using a molecular-dynamics prior and learned-force path proposal.