Constraining the radial decay timescale of solar surface magnetic field through a comparative study of data-assimilative 2D surface flux transport and 3D dynamo models

Abstract

The polar magnetic field is the most reliable precursor for predicting the amplitude of the solar cycle, and the 2D surface flux transport (SFT) model is widely used to reconstruct its evolution. Traditional 2D SFT models can not capture the surface-interior coupling of the surface field, causing delays in polar field reversals. This deficiency is conventionally corrected by adding a decay term $-B_r/τ$ with a poorly constrained radial decay timescale $τ$. Here, we present a self-consistent estimate of $τ$ through a comparative study of radial flux transport in the 2D SFT model and the 3D kinematic dynamo model, STABLE. By keeping the same transport parameters for both models and assuming surface-interior coupling is diffusive, the poloidal field evolution equation reduces to an eigenvalue problem, which yields a spectrum of $τ$ that decrease with increasing angular modes $l$. To capture realistic surface-interior coupling, we further perform data-assimilated 2D SFT simulations with real magnetograms and compare those results with that of the data-assimilated 3D STABLE model to constrain $τ$ and effective decay modes. With our choice of transport parameters, a value of $τ=~2~\text{yr}$ keeps the surface dynamics of the two models consistent, and this timescale corresponds to the angular mode $l=8$ from our self-consistent estimate. We also perform 2D SFT simulations with only large-scale active regions, as the source. We find that $τ=7~\text{yr}$ accurately captures the radial decay of the dipole mode ($l=1$) and removes the secular drift in the polar fields.