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arXiv · 2607.20815

An Operational Resolution of the Third-Particle Paradox

Časlav Brukner·Esteban Castro-Ruiz·Marius Krumm
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Abstract

We give an operational resolution of the third-particle paradox, relevant in the theory of quantum reference frames. The apparent paradox is that a system which is irrelevant in one quantum-reference-frame description can seem to become relevant after changing to another quantum reference frame, because the reduced state obtained after transforming a larger system need not agree with the state obtained by first discarding the extra system and then transforming. We argue that this comparison is not operationally meaningful unless the observables are transformed together with the states, or equivalently, unless the subsystem that needs to be discarded is properly identified. If the third particle is irrelevant for all measurements actually available in the original frame, then the transformed measurements form a restricted algebra in the new frame for which the third particle remains irrelevant. The paradox therefore results from replacing an operational statement about probabilities by a stronger, representation-dependent statement about equality of reduced density operators. We close by relating the question of when degrees of freedom may be discarded to the observable-induced, operational approach to subsystem structure.

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Časlav Brukner, Esteban Castro-Ruiz, Marius Krumm. 2026-08-03. An Operational Resolution of the Third-Particle Paradox. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.20815

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