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arXiv · 2607.22851

Validation of a Real-Time Manual Wheelchair Simulator through Biomechanical and Perceptual Measures: A Comparison with Overground Propulsion

Ateayeh Bayat·Félix Chénier
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Abstract

Purpose: Manual wheelchair simulators can provide a safe and controlled environment for propulsion training, biofeedback, and biomechanical assessment. However, their ecological validity must be established to ensure that simulator-based outcomes reflect overground propulsion. This study aimed to evaluate the ecological validity of a real-time manual wheelchair simulator by comparing biomechanical and perceptual outcomes during matched overground and simulator tasks. Materials and Methods: Thirteen participants (10 able-bodied individuals, 3 experienced manual wheelchair users), performed propulsion tasks overground and on the simulator. Task segments included straight-line propulsion, acceleration, turning, ascending, and descending. Biomechanical outcomes were collected using instrumented wheels and compared between environments using temporal, kinetic, and waveform-based measures. Perceived realism and user experience were assessed using task-specific realism ratings, a post-test questionnaire, and semi-structured interviews. Results: Temporal variables showed relatively small differences between overground and simulator propulsion, whereas kinetic variables showed larger discrepancies, consistent with previous simulator comparisons. Waveform patterns for force, moment, and power demonstrated high similarity between environments. Participants generally reported positive perceptions of realism, safety, and satisfaction, and highlighted the value of practicing wheelchair skills in a controlled environment. Conclusion: The simulator demonstrated partial ecological validity, particularly for temporal and waveform-based propulsion outcomes. Its ability to accommodate the user's own wheelchair configuration may help preserve ergonomics and enhance realism, supporting its potential use as an assistive technology tool for manual wheelchair propulsion training.

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Ateayeh Bayat, Félix Chénier. 2026-07-24. Validation of a Real-Time Manual Wheelchair Simulator through Biomechanical and Perceptual Measures: A Comparison with Overground Propulsion. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.22851

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