Clarifying the energy storage capabilities of virtual critical coupling under realistic excitation constraints

Abstract

Virtual critical coupling (VCC) has emerged as a promising approach for achieving reflectionless excitation of resonant systems through tailored incident waveforms. However, the energy storage enhancement often attributed to VCC is generally assessed without considering practical constraints imposed by the excitation source. In this work, we revisit the energy storage capabilities of VCC under a realistic maximum-amplitude constraint. Using temporal coupled-mode theory, we derive analytical expressions for the stored energy of continuous wave (CW), ideal VCC (IVCC), and constrained VCC (CVCC) excitations. While the conventional IVCC excitation leads to higher stored energy than CW excitation due to its exponentially increasing incident amplitude, we show that this enhancement originates from the larger incident energy delivered by the unconstrained waveform. When the maximum excitation amplitude is fixed, the proposed CVCC excitation stores less energy than CW excitation throughout the excitation duration, while preserving the high energy transfer efficiency and reflectionless excitation enabled by VCC. The analytical expressions are used to analyze both an ideal lossless resonator and an experimentally lossy microwave cavity previously used for plasma ignition by VCC. The results clarify that VCC should primarily be regarded as a method for improving energy transfer efficiency and controlling transient excitation, rather than as an intrinsic mechanism for increasing the absolute stored energy under realistic source limitations.