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arXiv · 2607.23790

B-spline shaping for low-thrust interplanetary rendezvous

Julio C. Sanchez
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Abstract

Rapid preliminary design of low-thrust interplanetary rendezvous trajectories requires parameterizations that combine computational efficiency, flexibility, and sufficient solution quality. This work presents a shape-based method in which the heliocentric cylindrical coordinates are parameterized using clamped B-splines. The differential flatness of the low-thrust cylindrical dynamics is exploited to recover the control acceleration algebraically from the shaped trajectory and its derivatives. The clamped B-spline parameterization satisfies the endpoint position and velocity conditions analytically, reducing the original fixed-time, minimum delta-v problem to a finite-dimensional nonlinear program in the free interior B-spline control points. The formulation therefore requires no numerical propagation of the equations of motion; numerical quadrature is used only to evaluate the objective function. Numerical campaigns are conducted for low-thrust rendezvous transfers from Earth to Mars, Mercury, the near-Earth asteroid 1989 ML, and comet Tempel 1, and the results are compared with high-order hodographic shaping. Across the tested fine-grid campaigns and among the finite solutions retained, all B-spline configurations reduce the mean, median, and minimum accumulated velocity increment relative to the hodographic benchmark. In particular, a ten control-point quintic B-spline is identified as a favorable compromise between solution quality and computational efficiency, while higher-dimensional parameterizations are effective for refining selected transfer opportunities.

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Julio C. Sanchez. 2026-07-26. B-spline shaping for low-thrust interplanetary rendezvous. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.23790

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