Hausdorff type Time-Trace Observability for Airy Equations on the Line and Point Observability on the Torus

Abstract

The main results of this paper are threefold. First, we prove an observability inequality for the Airy equation on the real line from Hausdorff-thick sets in a time-trace sense for every observation time $T>0$. The observation functional is a block supremum of $L^2(0,T)$ time traces over the Hausdorff-thick set. Second, we prove observability inequalities for the Airy equation on the real line with observations on some periodic sets, which in particular yields observability on a class of spatial point sequences. Third, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for finite point observability for the Airy equation on the torus with a bounded real-valued potential. Indeed, for a finite observation set $F$, a Kalman rank condition on a finite-dimensional invariant subspace is found. As a corollary, we obtain sharp point observability results for the Airy and linear KdV equations on the torus. Moreover, for potentials with finite order regularity assumptions we prove that every observation set with an accumulation point, in particular any set of positive Hausdorff dimension, gives an observability inequality for each observation time $T>0$. Since the Airy equation has neither high frequency exponential decay nor pointwise smoothing effects, which are essential in recent works on Hausdorff type observation results on heat equations, we introduce several new ideas adapted to the Airy case.