Tricouplers for nulling interferometry with photonic integrated circuits

Anusha Pai Asnodkar; Nemanja Jovanovic; Harry-Dean Kenchington Goldsmith; Ahmed Sanny; Yoo Jung Kim; Hani Nejadriahi; Isabelle Rivera; Michael P. Fitzgerald; Dimitri Mawet; Pradip Gatkine

arXiv · 2607.26168

Tricouplers for nulling interferometry with photonic integrated circuits

Anusha Pai Asnodkar·Nemanja Jovanovic·Harry-Dean Kenchington Goldsmith·Ahmed Sanny·Yoo Jung Kim·Hani Nejadriahi·Isabelle Rivera·Michael P. Fitzgerald·Dimitri Mawet·Pradip Gatkine

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Abstract

Solar System analog gas giants and habitable-zone terrestrial planets are observationally elusive to conventional exoplanet detection and characterization techniques, i.e. transits, radial velocities, and direct imaging. Long baseline nulling interferometry across multiple apertures suppresses starlight and enables detection of faint planetary signals at higher spatial resolution than traditional coronagraphs on single-aperture telescopes. Leveraging technological advancements from the telecommunications industry, photonic integrated circuits (PICs) offer a promising platform for performing the optical operations necessary for astronomical applications, including phasing and beam combination for nulling interferometry in both long-baseline and cross-aperture configurations. PICs provide compact, scalable architectures with reduced sensitivity to alignment as well as thermal and mechanical perturbations compared to bulk optics. However, their design and manufacturing precision remain insufficient for the stringent requirements of exoplanet instrumentation. Here, we investigate the nulling capabilities of photonic tricouplers, devices composed of three equal-width waveguides that are geometrically predisposed to produce achromatic nulls upon beam combination through their symmetric construction. In the laboratory, we characterize null depths in monochromatic light at 1.55 $\mathrmμ$m with devices on a planar silica-on-silicon platform. In broadband $H$-band light, we explore chromatic effects from components such as thermo-optic phase modulators used for fine-phasing. Our ongoing efforts towards maturation of PICs for direct detection and atmospheric characterization of exoplanets will support scalable testing and deployment of high-contrast technologies for future space-based observatories, such as the Habitable Worlds Observatory.

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Anusha Pai Asnodkar, Nemanja Jovanovic, Harry-Dean Kenchington Goldsmith, Ahmed Sanny, Yoo Jung Kim, Hani Nejadriahi, Isabelle Rivera, Michael P. Fitzgerald, Dimitri Mawet, Pradip Gatkine. 2026-07-28. Tricouplers for nulling interferometry with photonic integrated circuits. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.26168

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