Emergence of a Macroscopic Cat State and Multi-Channel Entanglement in a Frustrated Cluster Spin Chain

Abstract

We study a one-dimensional frustrated spin chain, which combines cluster-Ising and anisotropic next-nearest neighbor Ising models. We first offer a historical perspective that justifies the studied model. Then we study in detail the two quantum phases and prove that they are separated by a first order quantum phase transition. On one side, the ground state corresponds to a ferromagnetic phase, shows the presence of macroscopic cat states, and a small gap that closes in the thermodynamic limit. On the other phase, competing interactions avoid the establishment of a topological phase, though it conserves large incommensurate quantum correlations. We prove it is fundamentally distinct from a simple paramagnet, and we name it an incommensurate phase. This is a gapped phase, which gap does not close in the thermodynamic limit. While in the ferromagnetic phase there are two dominant Schmidt coefficients, in the incommensurate phase there are four. This corresponds to four distinct bipartite entanglement channels contributing substantially to the ground state. Finally, we discuss the utility of the macroscopic cat states for quantum metrology applications and the experimental feasibility of the system.