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arXiv · 2607.29488

Gamma-ray emission from particle illumination and shock-cloud interaction in the W51 Complex

Alan Sunny·Martina Cardillo
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Abstract

In the current era of very-high-energy (VHE) and ultra-high-energy (UHE) $γ$-ray astronomy, understanding Galactic PeVatrons and their acceleration mechanisms remains a primary objective. Recent LHAASO observations of the W51 Complex make it an ideal laboratory for investigating the origin of UHE emission, particularly due to the presence of massive and dense molecular environment surrounding multiple potential particle accelerators. In this work, we study two hadronic scenarios for the W51 Complex. First, we model the direct interaction between the SNR W51C and the nearby clouds in W51B, incorporating fresh particle acceleration, shock-driven adiabatic compression, and reacceleration of permeating Galactic cosmic rays. Second, we explore an accelerator-independent illumination scenario in which the W51B cloud acts as a long-term confinement region for high-energy particles injected during an earlier epoch. We find that the direct shock-cloud interaction scenario successfully reproduces the GeV emission observed by Fermi-LAT, but fails to account for the UHE emission detected by LHAASO. In contrast, the illumination scenario naturally explains the UHE spectrum, indicating that dense molecular clouds can efficiently confine and sustain energetic hadronic populations over long timescales. Although the inferred injection history is compatible with a young SNR origin, the source-independent nature of the illumination framework also permits other accelerators within the W51 Complex. Our results therefore identify dense molecular environments as the key structures sustaining historical PeVatron activity and shaping the observed UHE $γ$-ray emission.

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Alan Sunny, Martina Cardillo. 2026-07-31. Gamma-ray emission from particle illumination and shock-cloud interaction in the W51 Complex. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.29488

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