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arXiv · 2608.10053

ND-Photonic QRNGs in a Noisy Environment

J. M. Agüero Trejo·Cristian S. Calude·O. C. Stoica
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Abstract

Standard pseudo-random generators have weaknesses that have led to the development of quantum random number generators (QRNGs). However, common QRNG validation methods, whether based on quantum indeterminism or statistical tests, are insufficient to guarantee high-quality randomness. In contrast, a mathematical theory based on the Located Kochen-Specker Theorem proves that 3D QRNGs produce maximally unpredictable outputs without using entanglement, and both theory and experiments have supported their security. The paper focuses on a practical photonic implementation of a 3D QRNG that is easier to deploy than cryogenic superconducting implementations. As any physical implementation is subject to various measurement errors, it is important to study theoretically and experimentally the type and role of errors in 3D QRNGs. In this paper, we will model the photonic 3D QRNG as an open quantum system, constructed as an arrangement of imperfect beam-splitters with a range of losses based on the fidelity of its components, and we will show that under certain conditions, the process remains within the scope of the Kochen-Specker Theorem, which guarantees maximum unpredictability.

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J. M. Agüero Trejo, Cristian S. Calude, O. C. Stoica. 2026-08-10. ND-Photonic QRNGs in a Noisy Environment. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.10053

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