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arXiv · 2608.10070

A cosmic collision in the making: JWST/NIRISS reveals a merging and maturing protocluster core at z~3 around a red quasar

C. Bertemes·D. Wylezalek·G. Noirot·R. Hviding·D. S. N. Rupke·N. L. Zakamska·S. Veilleux·L. Gatto·W. Liu·A. Vayner·Y. Ishikawa·Y. Chen·S. Sankar
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Abstract

We report the discovery of ``The Step'', a dense protocluster at z=3 revealed by JWST/NIRISS Wide-Field Slitless Spectroscopy (WFSS) of the field around the luminous quasar and starburst SDSSJ165202.64+172852.3. The protocluster contains at least 18 member galaxies and exhibits two substructures in the 3D position-velocity space - notably a distinctive step-like distribution, from which the nickname derives. We propose that the Step may be undergoing a merger of two haloes, which could also explain the large velocity span (700-850km/s) between galaxies along the densest line of sight. This sightline contains seven galaxies within 70 projected kpc from the quasar, consistent with a remarkably dense protocluster core. We derive a galaxy overdensity of a factor >100 in the core and >15 within 1 Mpc$^2$, making it one of the densest structures known at this redshift, and a very massive halo of $13.1 < log M_{\rm halo}/ M_\odot < 13.8$, which suggests the structure could potentially evolve into a massive, Coma-like cluster at z=0. Compared to the field, the star-forming galaxies in the Step show slightly elevated levels of star formation. Yet, we find two quiescent galaxies with strong D4000 breaks and no evidence for ongoing star formation. Compared to other z=3 protoclusters, the Step exhibits similar or slightly suppressed star-forming activity. We also identify two new AGN candidates and find tentative evidence for an enhanced AGN fraction (10-20%) compared to the field. The protocluster constitutes one of the emerging handful of maturing structures at 2 < z < 4 that host both star-forming and quenched galaxies. This redshift regime may thus be a key transitional epoch for cluster studies, where overdensities transition from being the most active sites of star formation in the early Universe towards shaping the massive passive ellipticals seen in the cores of today's clusters.

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C. Bertemes, D. Wylezalek, G. Noirot, R. Hviding, D. S. N. Rupke, N. L. Zakamska, S. Veilleux, L. Gatto, W. Liu, A. Vayner, Y. Ishikawa, Y. Chen, S. Sankar. 2026-08-10. A cosmic collision in the making: JWST/NIRISS reveals a merging and maturing protocluster core at z~3 around a red quasar. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.10070

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