Scaling Relations of Galactic Outflows Across Cosmic Time: New Insights from Cosmic Noon

Abstract

Galactic outflows play a significant role in regulating galaxy evolution. Scaling relations between stellar mass ($M_\ast$), star formation (SFR), and outflow properties have been extensively studied at low redshifts ($z<1$) but less so beyond $z \sim 2$. We construct a joint sample of 387 galaxies from $z \sim$ 0-9, including 98 new Cosmic Noon galaxies from the Keck Baryonic Structure Survey and the Keck Lyman Continuum Spectroscopic Survey. Using high signal-to-noise emission lines (SNR $>$ 50 for H$α$ or [OIII] $\lambda5007$) from Keck/MOSFIRE spectra, we detect warm-ionized outflows by decomposing lines into narrow and broad components. With the joint sample, we explore the redshift evolution of outflow scaling relations. On average, outflows at Cosmic Noon have higher maximum velocities than those at low$-z$ by up to a factor of 3 for a fixed $M_\ast$, SFR, or SFR surface density. They also have higher mass outflow rates for a fixed $M_\ast$. Despite faster and stronger outflows, there is no evolution in the mass loading factor for a fixed $M_\ast$. We find evidence for galactic fountains, as the majority of outflowing gas is recycled at a radius of $\sim$0.03 R$_\textrm{vir}$. We also constrain the overall outflow occurrence rate in our galaxy sample to be at least 30$\%$ when taking galaxy orientation and outflow geometry into account. By analyzing the largest sample of warm-ionized outflows at Cosmic Noon to date and compiling large galaxy samples across all redshifts, we present a comprehensive analysis of galactic outflows throughout cosmic time.