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arXiv · 2608.11945

Carrollian Dictionary for Massive Particles at Null Infinity

Yu-fan Zheng
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Abstract

Massive particles reach timelike rather than null infinity, leaving their Carrollian boundary description unresolved. We construct a Carrollian dictionary for massive one-particle states on $\mathscr I^\pm$ without requiring their worldlines to reach null infinity. The dictionary encodes the bulk momentum through its projections onto the null frame associated with each celestial point. The Poincaré intertwining equations require the complete Carrollian representation to describe massive states. We apply the dictionary to the Källén--Lehmann representation and to soft photon and graviton theorems. The Källén--Lehmann application fixes the coefficient function of the non-contact two-point function in terms of the bulk spectral density. Soft theorems show that global modes reproduce the ordinary $U(1)$ and Poincaré actions, whereas local actions remain integrals over celestial directions.

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Yu-fan Zheng. 2026-08-12. Carrollian Dictionary for Massive Particles at Null Infinity. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.11945

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