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arXiv · 2608.13980

FIRM: Fine-Grained Intra-Token Representation of Masks for Remote Sensing Reasoning Segmentation

Weidong Tang·Kaiyu Li·Yikai Wang·Yanan Wu·Haotian Gan·Shihong Wang·Xiangyong Cao
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Abstract

Reasoning segmentation requires multimodal large language models (MLLMs) to translate implicit instructions into precise pixel-level masks. MLLMs encode an image as visual tokens, each of which merges a group of image patches. In remote sensing images, small targets, thin structures, and adjacent instances can occupy different parts of the same visual token. Assigning a single binary mask label to such a token loses its internal spatial structure, causing nearby targets to merge and object boundaries to become coarse. To bridge this representational gap, we introduce FIRM, a Fine-grained Intra-token Representation of Masks. For each visual token, FIRM predicts a mask code that specifies an $r\times r$ binary sub-cell pattern rather than a single foreground/background label. Given a target identified by the MLLM, the complete grid of mask codes is predicted in one mask pass. Fixed lookup converts the predicted codes into a discrete sub-cell mask, while marginalizing the code distribution yields a soft structural field. To further recover fine-grained boundaries within each sub-cell, we introduce a lightweight continuous renderer that refines this field using pre-merge visual features and image details. Across five reasoning and referring segmentation benchmarks on satellite and UAV images, FIRM achieves leading results, including $70.5/80.5$ gIoU/cIoU on LaSeRS and a $3.0$-point average gain on EarthReason. These results demonstrate the value of explicitly representing intra-token mask patterns for fine-grained MLLM segmentation.

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Weidong Tang, Kaiyu Li, Yikai Wang, Yanan Wu, Haotian Gan, Shihong Wang, Xiangyong Cao. 2026-08-14. FIRM: Fine-Grained Intra-Token Representation of Masks for Remote Sensing Reasoning Segmentation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.13980

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