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arXiv · 2608.15148

Parameter estimation in differential equations: Mathematical foundation for satellite gravimetry, review and perspectives

Peiliang Xu
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Abstract

Satellite gravimetry has become essential in many areas of earth science. However, the resolution of satellite gravitational models remains low at scales of a few hundreds km and no gravity recovery methods can take full advantages of unprecedented high accuracy of satellite tracking measurements. We first provide a unified theoretical framework of parameter estimation in differential equations for satellite gravimetry and then briefly review the mathematical methods to compute the gravity field of the Earth from satellite tracking. We focus on the collocation method, Kaula linear perturbations, two-point boundary value problems and orbit-energy-based methods. The numerical integration method is also included in this review, though it has been proved to be mathematically incorrect and physically not permitted. The reason is that it has become the standard method to routinely produce global gravitational models from satellite tracking data, which have been widely applied in many different areas of earth science. Because it is not clear how the incorrect foundation would affect gravity products from satellite tracking, we do not review any applications of these products. We then present a measurement-based perturbation theory to estimate the gravity field of the Earth, which can fully utilize both precise satellite orbits of arbitrary length and unprecedented high accuracy of satellite and inter-satellite tracking. The method is theoretically free of modeling errors, is capable of extracting any small forces from satellite and inter-satellite tracking data and provides a guarantee for high-precision and high-resolution global gravity models. Finally, we assume a reference gravity model and derive local solutions to the Newton's nonlinear governing differential equations of satellite motion for scattered tracking data that can still be important in some applications.

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Peiliang Xu. 2026-08-15. Parameter estimation in differential equations: Mathematical foundation for satellite gravimetry, review and perspectives. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.15148

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