Empirical mode decomposition and interpretable machine learning for preterm birth classification from electrohysterography

Abstract

Preterm birth (PTB) remains a major global health problem, and reliable non-invasive risk assessment remains difficult. Electrohysterography (EHG) records uterine electrical activity from the maternal abdomen and may support PTB assessment, but performance can be inflated when segments from the same recording are split across training and validation folds. We evaluated empirical mode decomposition (EMD) for term-versus-preterm classification using 26 pregnancy recordings (13 preterm, 13 term) from the public TPEHGT dataset. Annotated intervals and non-overlapping fixed 3-minute windows were compared, and the first four intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) were evaluated. Fourteen features from each of three EHG channels were assessed with nine classifiers using repeated five-fold recording-grouped cross-validation and recording-level aggregation. IMF1 gave the strongest mean performance. With fixed 3-minute IMF1 features, Random Forest achieved mean accuracy 0.8308, F1 0.7969, balanced accuracy 0.8308, MCC 0.6998, ROC-AUC 0.8157, and average precision 0.8877. IMF1 also outperformed matched filtered time-domain features across all reported mean metrics. Preterm recordings showed smaller, more regularly spaced peak-like events, lower temporal-energy measures, and higher entropy. These findings support further evaluation of IMF1-based EHG classification in larger independent cohorts.