From the Square-Energy Conjecture to Signed Graphs: Sharp Bounds for Positive Square Energy

Abstract

Let $Σ=(G,σ)$ be a connected signed graph of order $n$ and size $m$, and let $s^{+}(Σ)$ and $s^{-}(Σ)$ denote the sums of the squares of its positive and negative adjacency eigenvalues, respectively. The square-energy conjecture of Elphick, Farber, Goldberg, and Wocjan states that every connected graph $G$ of order $n$ satisfies \[ \min\{s^{+}(G),s^{-}(G)\}\ge n-1. \] Liu and Ning~\cite{LiuNing2023} published a wide-ranging paper entitled ``Unsolved Problems in spectral graph theory", and this conjectures were placed first in their list of such problems. We prove that every signature $σ$ of a connected graph $G$ satisfies the sharp bound \[ s^{+}(Σ)\le 2m-n+1. \] For the all-positive signing this gives $s^{+}(G)\le 2m-n+1$, whereas for the all-negative signing it gives $s^{-}(G)\le 2m-n+1$. Since $s^{+}(G)+s^{-}(G)=2m$, these two special cases imply the square-energy conjecture; the present theorem is stronger in scope because the same bound holds for every signing of $G$. Applying the theorem to the negation $-Σ$ also yields \[ s^{+}(Σ)\ge n-1. \] Both bounds are sharp. The proof is based on a doubly nonnegative matrix inequality. We also shorten the proof of that inequality by replacing its final case distinction with a fixed convex combination.