TractorBeam: Personalized AI Sensemaking Support via Collaborative Machine Annotation

Abstract

Language model-based systems which allow asking questions of documents have become popular tools for sensemaking. Despite their implied capability, these systems still suffer from issues of factuality and provenance, while encouraging confirmatory, rather than exploratory, research. We present TractorBeam, a browser extension-based mixed-initiative system that uses collaborative annotation as an interface metaphor for sensemaking, re-framing language model (LM) outputs as suggested highlights in a process that we call collaborative machine annotation. This metaphor allows us to present LM results in-context on PDF documents, directly addressing concerns of provenance and factuality, while allowing users to iteratively construct mental schemas and queries for language models directly in the context of a document. In a preliminary user study, all of our participants felt that TractorBeam enabled them evaluate and iteratively improve the model's reflection of their intended highlighting, and several found suggestions that made them reconsider their original schema. TractorBeam suggests that systems that facilitate exploratory research on individual documents may lead to verifiable sensemaking for users and complement tools that work across broader corpora.