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arXiv · 2608.19308

The THESAN-ZOOM project: clumpiness of high-redshift galaxies and its connection to bursty star formation

Zihao Wang·Xuejian Shen·Rahul Kannan·Ewald Puchwein·Aaron Smith·Josh Borrow·Enrico Garaldi·Laura Keating·Mark Vogelsberger·Oliver Zier·William McClymont·Sandro Tacchella·Fangzhou Jiang·Hui Li·Lars Hernquist
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Abstract

Recent JWST observations have revealed diverse high-redshift galaxy morphologies, including a population with irregular and clumpy structures. The physical origin of these structures, and the extent to which observational biases shape their appearance, remain uncertain. We present a power-spectrum-based method for quantifying galaxy clumpiness across spatial scales, using the radiation-hydrodynamic simulation suite THESAN-ZOOM, which employs a state-of-the-art galaxy formation model that resolves the multiphase interstellar medium (ISM). Although the total stellar mass distributions in THESAN-ZOOM galaxies are usually smooth, clumpy structures appear in the H$α$, far-ultraviolet (FUV), and optical light distributions. Tracers sensitive to shorter-timescale star formation exhibit more pronounced small-scale structure ($\sim10^{2}$--$10^{3}{\rm pc}$). The corresponding projected light spectra follow $P(k)\propto k^{-1}$ to $k^{-2}$, with progressively shallower slopes for tracers sensitive to more recent star formation, reflecting enhanced small-scale power and greater spatial intermittency in young stellar populations. This behaviour is consistent with a highly compressible, shock-dominated ISM in which stellar feedback and outflows reorganise dense gas into filamentary and clumpy structures. We also find that galaxy clumpiness depends on the treatment of stellar feedback. Weaker early stellar feedback enhances small-scale power in both the mass and light distributions. Clumpiness also varies strongly over the bursty star formation cycle, implying that observed samples may be biased towards galaxies caught in phases of elevated star formation. Galaxy clumpiness, therefore, could provide a complementary probe of the bursty star formation in the early Universe.

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Zihao Wang, Xuejian Shen, Rahul Kannan, Ewald Puchwein, Aaron Smith, Josh Borrow, Enrico Garaldi, Laura Keating, Mark Vogelsberger, Oliver Zier, William McClymont, Sandro Tacchella, Fangzhou Jiang, Hui Li, Lars Hernquist. 2026-08-19. The THESAN-ZOOM project: clumpiness of high-redshift galaxies and its connection to bursty star formation. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.19308

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