Second-Order Continuum Model for Disordered Traffic

Shashank Rajput; Venkatesan Kanagaraj; Martin Treiber; Gowri Asaithambi; Ostap Okhrin

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arXiv · 2608.19440

Second-Order Continuum Model for Disordered Traffic

Shashank Rajput·Venkatesan Kanagaraj·Martin Treiber·Gowri Asaithambi·Ostap Okhrin

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Abstract

In this study, a two-dimensional second-order macroscopic traffic flow model is proposed to capture the complex dynamics of disordered traffic by explicitly incorporating coupled longitudinal and lateral interactions. The framework extends the classical continuity equation to two spatial dimensions and introduces acceleration equations consisting of self-driven, interaction-induced, and road-boundary-related components. The macroscopic longitudinal acceleration is formulated based on the Full Velocity Difference Model (FVDM), while lateral dynamics are governed by interaction principles consistent with the Optimal Velocity Model (OVM). The explicit inclusion of road-boundary effects enables the representation of vehicle confinement and space-sharing behavior that are essential in lane-free and weakly lane-disciplined traffic systems. The model is examined through a series of numerical experiments in which longitudinal and lateral dynamics are analysed individually as well as simultaneously within a coupled two-dimensional setting under a range of initial conditions, including transitions between free-flow, medium congestion, and heavy congestion, and different lateral density configurations. The simulations demonstrate the model's ability to reproduce key traffic features such as shockwave propagation, lateral dispersion, vehicle rearrangement, and stable density evolution across the road width. The numerical scheme, based on upwind and Lax-Friedrichs discretisations, ensures stable solutions of the coupled partial differential equations. Overall, the proposed framework provides a robust macroscopic description of disordered traffic and offers a consistent basis for analysing two-dimensional vehicular flow dynamics.

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Shashank Rajput, Venkatesan Kanagaraj, Martin Treiber, Gowri Asaithambi, Ostap Okhrin. 2026-08-19. Second-Order Continuum Model for Disordered Traffic. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.19440

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