CHIMERA Challenge: Biochemical Recurrence Prediction in Prostate Cancer Patients using multimodal datasets

Robert N. Spaans; Catherine Chia; Tongjie Wang; Adam Kowalewski; Parandzem Khachatryan; Domingos Oliveira; Khrystyna Faryna; Jean-Paul A. van Basten; Geert Litjens; Nadieh Khalili

arXiv · 2608.21497

CHIMERA Challenge: Biochemical Recurrence Prediction in Prostate Cancer Patients using multimodal datasets

Robert N. Spaans·Catherine Chia·Tongjie Wang·Adam Kowalewski·Parandzem Khachatryan·Domingos Oliveira·Khrystyna Faryna·Jean-Paul A. van Basten·Geert Litjens·Nadieh Khalili

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Abstract

Biochemical recurrence (BCR), defined as any detectable prostate-specific antigen level after prostatectomy with confirmatory elevation, is widely used as a surrogate endpoint and typically assessed using clinical and pathological variables. Currently, no standardized benchmark exists for multimodal prognostic modeling in urological cancers, partly because curating heterogeneous multimodal data remains challenging. We developed the CHIMERA Challenge, a multimodal benchmark integrating preoperative mpMRI, post-prostatectomy histopathology, patient characteristics, and clinician-derived variables from 267 patients across two institutions. The dataset comprises 801 MRI sequences, 13 clinical variables per case, and 942 WSIs. Training (n=95), validation (n=23), and test (n=149) splits were established and hosted on the Grand Challenge platform. Baseline clinical and pathological characteristics did not differ significantly across splits. Models were evaluated on predicting time to BCR using the C-index. Post-challenge analyses tested how each model type performed when clinician-derived variables were withheld or randomized. Unimodal clinical models achieved the highest test C-index of 0.7402 but proved sensitive to the integrity of these variables, with performance collapsing toward chance (C approximately 0.50) when they were randomized. Multimodal models retained near-baseline performance when these variables were withheld (delta C at most 0.04), indicating their ability to recover prognostic signal directly from imaging data. CHIMERA is the first public, standardized multimodal benchmark for prostate cancer prognosis. Although models using only patient characteristics and clinician-derived variables yielded the highest leaderboard performance, multimodal models demonstrated greater robustness in clinically realistic scenarios where complete expert annotation is not guaranteed.

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Robert N. Spaans, Catherine Chia, Tongjie Wang, Adam Kowalewski, Parandzem Khachatryan, Domingos Oliveira, Khrystyna Faryna, Jean-Paul A. van Basten, Geert Litjens, Nadieh Khalili. 2026-08-21. CHIMERA Challenge: Biochemical Recurrence Prediction in Prostate Cancer Patients using multimodal datasets. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.21497

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