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arXiv · 2608.24501

Constraining the Tilted Dipole Cosmology with Primordial Nucleosynthesis and Baryogenesis

Mohsen Khodadi
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Abstract

The tilted dipole cosmology extends the standard model by incorporating a preferred spatial direction and separate bulk velocities for matter and radiation, offering a potential explanation for observed large-scale bulk flows and the CMB dipole. We conduct a comprehensive analysis of this anisotropic framework using Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) and Gravitational Baryogenesis (GB) to impose stringent constraints on the radiation tilt parameter $β_r$, which quantifies the magnitude of the radiation bulk flow. By deriving the modified expansion rate $H(T)$ and its impact on light element abundances, we find that the combined $2σ$ BBN limits from primordial helium-4 and deuterium are $|β_r| \lesssim 0.03$ for maximal shear (tightest bound) and $|β_r| \lesssim 0.2$ for minimal shear (weakest bound). These bounds are consistent with, but tighter than, those inferred from the effective neutrino species count $|ΔN_{\mathrm{eff}}| \lesssim 0.4$. Importantly, both bounds are upper limits; $β_r = 0$ is always allowed by the BBN constraints. The lithium-7 problem persists, as the $β_r$ values required to resolve it are excluded by helium-4 data. Furthermore, GB -- operating at decoupling temperatures $T_D \gtrsim 10^{12}$ GeV under the scaling $β_r \propto T$ -- yields far more severe constraints, limiting $|β_r^{\mathrm{BBN}}| \lesssim 10^{-8}$ for such high-scale baryogenesis scenarios.

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Mohsen Khodadi. 2026-07-22. Constraining the Tilted Dipole Cosmology with Primordial Nucleosynthesis and Baryogenesis. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6382%2Fae910f

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