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arXiv · 2608.28189

System-size dependence of strangeness production from p+p to Pb+Pb: quantitative tests of the $K^+/π^+$ horn

Neeraj·Amal Sarkar
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Abstract

The pronounced maximum ("horn") in the $K^+/π^+$ excitation function observed in central Pb+Pb collisions is well established feature of collision-energy dependence, but its dependence on system size remains poorly understood. We confront hadronic (SMASH) and partonic (PHSD) transport, Glauber core-corona, canonical-ensemble suppression, and the two-phase statistical model of the early stage (SMES) with $K^+/π^+$ data spanning the complete NA61/SHINE system-size ladder (p+p, Be+Be, Ar+Sc, Xe+La) together with NA49 Pb+Pb and STAR Au+Au, quantifying every comparison by $χ^2$. No single framework describes the full range: core-corona is preferred for intermediate systems, SMES with canonical strangeness conservation for heavy systems, and none reproduces the small-system data. Neither transport model generates the horn, with or without partonic degrees of freedom. The data exhibit a step-like enhancement of $K^+/π^+$ between Be+Be and Ar+Sc, quantified within the core-corona framework by a step from $\fcore \approx 0.22$ (Be+Be) to $\fcore \approx 0.58$ (Ar+Sc). The strangeness saturation factor $\gs$ rises in two distinct steps, separating geometric core formation from thermodynamic equilibration. The $(K^+/π^+)/(K^-/π^-)$ double ratio, which at fixed $\sqrts$ cancels the system-independent $μ_B$ contribution, shows a step between light and heavy systems at a global significance of $3.7σ$, providing evidence for genuine strangeness enhancement beyond the pair-production baseline. Preliminary Xe+La data favor core-corona ($\chindf = 5.8$) over SMASH ($\chindf = 23.3$); finalized spectra will sharpen the CC/SMES discrimination at the $27\%$ level.

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Neeraj, Amal Sarkar. 2026-08-28. System-size dependence of strangeness production from p+p to Pb+Pb: quantitative tests of the $K^+/π^+$ horn. https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.28189

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