Spectral Features Dominate BCG Respiratory-Event Detection: A Large-Scale Patient-Independent Comparison of Feature Groups in Sleep Apnea Patients

Abstract

Unobtrusive ballistocardiographic (BCG) sensing is a promising modality for long-term sleep-apnea monitoring, yet it remains unclear which signal features are most discriminative for respiratory-event detection. We present a literature-guided, patient-independent comparison of ten BCG feature groups using a 512-sensor capacitive pressure mat recorded simultaneously with respiratory polygraphy in 155 patients (52 female, 103 male) undergoing in-hospital evaluation for obstructive sleep apnea. Features were extracted from six spatially distinct signal channels, yielding a 191-dimensional feature vector spanning general statistical, time-domain, frequency-domain, wavelet, frame-energy, and nonlinear complexity descriptors. Under strict leave-one-patient-out cross-validation for binary classification of respiratory-event windows versus event-free reference windows, Random Forest and Histogram Gradient Boosting achieved AUC-ROC of 0.967 and 0.969 and AUC-PR of 0.977 and 0.979, respectively. Feature-importance analysis revealed that frequency-domain features dominate discrimination: breathing-band power in the 0.1-0.4 Hz range accounted for 30.3% of total discriminative information across all spatial channels, and Fast Fourier Transform spectral-shape descriptors of the adaptively preprocessed channel contributed a further 15.1%. AUC and curve-length features provided the main complementary time-domain evidence (21.5%), whereas wavelet-derived and nonlinear features contributed smaller secondary effects (10.4% combined across 59 features). Frequency-domain and time-domain features together accounted for 67% of total discriminative information, demonstrating that a compact, interpretable subset of the full feature library achieves clinically relevant performance under patient-independent validation and providing an empirical basis for feature selection in future BCG systems.