A Clearer View of HAT-P-1 b: JWST NIRSpec G395H Reveals Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Possibly Hydrogen Sulfide

Abstract

As part of JWST's Exoplanet Grand Tour Survey, we use panchromatic transmission spectroscopy to connect HAT-P-1 b's previously studied optical and near-infrared atmosphere to the longer-wavelength molecular bands accessible with JWST. We present JWST NIRSpec G395H transmission spectroscopy of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-1 b over 2.7--5.3~$μ$m, and combine the new spectrum with archival HST STIS and WFC3 observations for a 0.3--5.3~$μ$m atmospheric analysis. We independently reduce the JWST data with the Eureka!, FIREFLy, and Tswift pipelines, finding mutually consistent transmission spectra across the G395H bandpass. Atmospheric retrievals yield strong evidence for H$_2$O and CO$_2$ with Bayes factors of $\log_{10}B_{\mathrm{H_2O}}=8.9$ and $\log_{10}B_{\mathrm{CO_2}}=52.3$, while providing tentative evidence for H$_2$S ($\log_{10}B_{\mathrm{H_2S}}=1.4$). The joint H$_2$O and CO$_2$ constraints favor an atmosphere near chemical equilibrium, with $\log_{10} \text{M/H}=0.99^{+0.19}_{-0.14}$, corresponding to $\sim10\times$ Solar or $\sim9\times$ relative to the near-solar metallicity host star, and a 3$σ$ upper limit of C/O $<0.52$. Because H$_2$O and CO$_2$ provide a metallicity comparatively insensitive to vertical mixing in this temperature regime, their combined detection suggests the composition is dominated by bulk enrichment rather than strong disequilibrium transport. We find no significant evidence for clouds; instead, the persistence of molecular structure across the spectrum argues against strong cloud muting. The tentative H$_2$S signal, if confirmed, would further suggest limited photochemical processing at the pressures probed. Together, the molecular inventory, enriched metallicity, and low C/O ratio point to an oxygen-rich atmosphere and establish HAT-P-1 b as a benchmark for comparative studies of hot-Jupiter atmospheric composition.