KanAdapter: A Kolmogorov-Arnold Network-based Plug-and-Play Module for Efficient Fine-tuning of Foundation Speech Models

Abstract

Fully fine-tuning self-supervised learning (SSL) speech models for downstream tasks is computationally prohibitive, and existing parameter-efficient fine-tuning approaches predominantly rely on MLP-based adapters whose fixed activation functions limit their representational expressiveness under tight parameter budgets. We propose \textbf{KanAdapter}, a lightweight adapter framework that replaces conventional MLP bottlenecks with Group-Rational Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (GR-KAN) modules for more expressive and parameter-efficient adaptation. Following a parallel bottleneck design, KanAdapter inserts trainable GR-KAN branches alongside frozen Transformer encoder blocks and leverages weight transfer from pre-trained MLP layers for stable initialization. Across speaker verification, speech emotion recognition, and deepfake detection, KanAdapter achieves up to 97.5\% reduction in trainable parameters relative to full fine-tuning while remaining highly competitive, and consistently outperforms AdaptFormer under comparable parameter budgets. In continual learning, it yields up to 83.6\% error reduction over full fine-tuning and MLP-based adapters, which we attribute to the localized nature of GR-KAN's rational activations that mitigates catastrophic forgetting. To our knowledge, this is the first work to explore KAN-based modules for parameter-efficient fine-tuning of speech foundation models.